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While we normally think of a prototype as an early model, it is actually an experiment
intended to produce certain information. For this experiment to be successful,
you must first determine what specific information is needed. Getting this
information may eventually require multiple prototypes—or, more accurately,
bench models—each intended to test different aspects of the idea. For
example, automakers sometimes develop scale models or illustrations of vehicle
designs they are considering. While not actual working prototypes, they can
be thought of as part of the prototyping process.
Usually, however, engineers see bench models and prototypes as opportunities
to evaluate the functional effectiveness of a product idea. Software companies
often distribute free copies of their products to users in exchange for feedback
on the product's value, a practice known as "beta testing." Similarly, inventors
of new industrial equipment often work with potential users to develop field
trials of a new process. Such testing helps a product developer gauge:
- Functional performance
- Cost of production and materials
- Durability
- Aesthetic appeal to customers
- Compatibility with existing products
"Softer" market research can also be an important part of the prototyping process. Market research involves any effort to gauge an idea's usefulness or appeal to potential customers. The most common such trials include focus groups or in-depth interviews with actual or potential customers.
Integral to the prototyping and testing of a new product is how and at what cost
the product can be produced. Even if a product perfectly suits a pressing
customer need, it will fail as a business if it cannot be produced on time
and at an acceptable cost. When looking at the "manufacturability" of a new
product, the most important factors include:
- Materials costs
- Supplier availability
- Required in-house expertise and staffing
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